
8 – Assessing all the relevant, reliable evidence
In this Chapter: Introduction (this page) Is one study ever enough? Systematic reviews of all the relevant, reliable evidence Reducing […]
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Ebm@school – a curriculum of critical health literacy for secondary school students
A curriculum based on the concept of evidence-based medicine, which consists of six modules.
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McMaster Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Workshop Resources – Systematic review module
The Systematic review module resources provided to the attendees at the McMaster Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Workshop.
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Distinguishing between “no evidence of effect” and “evidence of no effect” in randomised controlled trials and other comparisons
Distinguishing between “no evidence of effect” and “evidence of no effect” in randomised controlled trials and other comparisons.
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Meta-analysis: Its strengths and limitations
The strengths and limitations of meta-analysis.
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Meta-analysis, collaborative overview, systematic review: what does it all mean?
Mike Clarke’s 9-minute read on meta-analysis, collaborative overview, systematic review.
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Using research evidence: a practice guide
NESTA’s guide to using research evidence to inform decisions in policy and practice.
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Learning from research: systematic reviews for informing policy decisions
The EPPI Centre’s guide to using systematic reviews to inform policy decisions.
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Critical Appraisal of Research Evidence 101
Ontario Public Health Libraries Association guide to critical appraisal of research evidence.
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Policy: twenty tips for interpreting scientific claims
This list will help non-scientists to interrogate advisers and to grasp the limitations of evidence.
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Understanding Health Research: evidence-based medicine, practice and policy
Evidence-based medicine, practice and policy are terms used to describe making decisions using scientific evidence.
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Understanding Health Research: how science media stories work
Understanding Health Research, a tool for making sense of health studies: how science media stories work.
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Understanding Health Research: A tool for making sense of health studies
An interactive online tool designed to help anybody to understand scientific health research evidence.
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Assessing Risk of Bias in Included Studies
An introduction to assessing risk of bias using the Cochrane ‘Risk of Bias Tool’.
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Suny Downstate; Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis
Suny Downstate’s explanation of why it is important to consider all studies addressing a specific question.
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Evidence-Based medicine in Pharmacy Practice
An article by Suzanne Albrecht on Evidence-Based Medicine in Pharmacy Practice.
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Goals and tools in Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis in Michigan State University’s Evidence-Based Medicine Course.
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Evaluating relevance
How to evaluate relevance of research in Michigan State University’s Evidence-Based Medicine Course.
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Evidence-based medicine
The European Patients’ Academy web-based introductory course on Evidence-Based Medicine.
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Common pitfalls with studies and things to look out for
‘Ask for Evidence’ introduction to the need for critical appraisal of research studies.
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Evidence for everyday health choices
A 17-min slide cast by Lynda Ware, on the history of EBM, what Cochrane is, and how to understand the real evidence behind the headlines.
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Sunn Skepsis
Denne portalen er ment å gi deg som pasient råd om kvalitetskriterier for helseinformasjon og tilgang til forskningsbasert informasjon.
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Strictly Cochrane: a quickstep around research and systematic reviews
An interactive resource explaining how systematic and non-systematic reviews differ, and the importance of keeping reviews up to date.
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Teach Yourself Cochrane
Tells the story behind Cochrane and the challenges finding good quality evidence to produce reliable systematic reviews.
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Dodgy academic PR
Ben Goldacre: 58% of all press releases by academic institutions lacked relevant cautions and caveats about the methods and results reported
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Over there! An 8 mile high distraction made of posh chocolate!
Ben Goldcare illustrates strategies used by vested interests to discredit research with ‘inconvenient’ results.
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Brain imaging studies report more positive findings than their numbers can support. This is fishy.
Ben Goldacre explores how twice as many positive findings as could realistically have been expected from the data reported may have occurred
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Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine
Bill Caley’s 26 slides with notes used as an ‘Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine’.
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Appraisal of evidence and interpretation of results
A 14-min talk on ‘Appraisal of the Evidence and Interpretation of the Results’, illustrated by 19 slides, with notes.
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A way to teach about systematic reviews
81 slides used by David Nunan (Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford) to present ‘A way to teach about systematic reviews’.
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Appraising the evidence
Six key slides produced by the University of Western Australia to introduce critical appraisal.
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Detectives in the classroom
Five modules of materials for promoting epidemiology among high school students.
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Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
Improving reports of research and up-to-date systematic reviews of reliable studies are essential foundations of effective health care.
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10 Components of effective clinical epidemiology: How to get started
PDF & Podcast of 1-hr talk by Carl Heneghan (Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford) on effective clinical epidemiology.
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Applying Systematic Reviews
How useful are the results of trials in a systematic review when it comes to weighing up treatment choices for particular patients?
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Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis: Information Overload
None of us can keep up with the sheer volume of material published in medical journals each week.
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Combining the Results from Clinical Trials
Chris Cates notes that emphasizing the results of patients in particular sub-groups in a trial can be misleading.
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The Systematic Review
This blog explains what a systematic review is, the steps involved in carrying one out, and how the review should be structured.
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Traditional Reviews vs. Systematic Reviews
This blog outlines 11 differences between systematic and traditional reviews, and why systematic reviews are preferable.
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Making sense of results – CASP
This module introduces the key concepts required to make sense of statistical information presented in research papers.
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Avoiding biased selection from the available evidence
Systematic reviews are used to identify, evaluate and summarize all the evidence relevant to addressing a particular question.
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Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews of all the relevant evidence
Unbiased, up-to-date systematic reviews of all the relevant, reliable evidence are needed to inform practice and policy.
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Using the results of up-to-date systematic reviews of research
Trustworthy evidence from research is necessary, but not sufficient, to improve the quality of health care.
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Why comparisons must address genuine uncertainties
Too much research is done when there are no genuine uncertainties about treatment effects. This is unethical, unscientific, and wasteful.
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システマティックレビューとはなにか?
A 3-min video by Jack Nunn and The Cochrane Consumers and Communication group for people unfamiliar with the concept of systematic reviews.
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Goldilocks
Cartoon and blog about how poorly performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses may misrepresent the truth.
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House of tottering cards
Poorly performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses may misrepresent the truth.
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Systematic Reviews
3 slides and a 4-min commentary about systematic reviews and meta-analyses (from Univ Mass Med School).
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Science Weekly Podcast – Ben Goldacre
A 1-hour audio interview with Ben Goldacre discussing misleading claims about research.
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The basic principles of Evidence Based Medicine
A webpage explaining the foundations of systematic reviews.
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In defence of systematic reviews of small trials
An article discussing the strengths and weaknesses of systematic reviews of small trials.
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Evidence from Randomised Trials and Systematic Reviews
Dr Chris Cates' article discussing control of bias in randomised trials and explaining systematic reviews.
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Reducing the play of chance using meta-analysis
Combining data from similar studies (meta-analysis) can help to provide statistically more reliable estimates of treatment effects.
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Stroke
Another example of unnecessary research, yet again because the results of preceding studies had not been gathered together and analyzed, […]
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Respiratory distress in premature babies
Some research falls in between good and bad – it is plainly unnecessary. An example of such research concerns premature […]
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Science is cumulative, but scientists don’t accumulate evidence scientifically
‘Academic researchers have been talking about something called “cumulative meta-analysis” for 25 years: essentially, you run a rolling meta-analysis on […]
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The importance of systematic reviews
‘Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have become increasingly important in health care. Clinicians read them to keep up to date with […]
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Synthesizing information from research
More than a century ago, the president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Lord Rayleigh, commented on […]
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Wasted resources in healthcare and research
Failure to do systematic reviews of relevant, reliable research evidence does harm even when it is not harming patients and […]
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Avoidable harm to people participating in research
Failure to assess all relevant, reliable evidence can also result in avoidable harm to people who participate in research. Researchers […]
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Avoidable harm to patients
Recommended treatments for heart attacks that had appeared in textbooks published over a period of 30 years were compared with […]
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Recognizing vested interests and spin in systematic reviews
What if the reviewers have other interests that might affect the conduct or interpretation of their review? Perhaps the reviewers […]
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Identifying all the relevant evidence for systematic reviews
Identifying all the relevant evidence for systematic reviews – irrespective of the language or format of the relevant reports – […]
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Systematic reviews of all the relevant, reliable evidence
Whilst it is easy to state that we should review the results of a particular alongside other relevant, reliable evidence, […]
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Is one study ever enough?
The simple answer is ‘hardly ever’. Very seldom will one fair treatment comparison yield sufficiently reliable evidence on which to […]
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Obtaining large enough numbers in fair tests of treatments
Sometimes in tests of treatments it is possible to obtain large enough numbers from research done in one or two […]
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