比較:それらは公正で信頼性がありますか?

十分に情報を得たうえで治療法を決定するには、治療法の公正な比較(例えば、系統誤差や偶然誤差のリスクを最小化することを目的とした比較)の系統的レビューが必要です。非体系的な要約は誤解を招く可能性があり、治療法の比較のすべてが公正な比較とは限りません。

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Confidence Intervals – CASP

The p-value gives no direct indication of how large or important the estimated effect size is. So, confidence intervals are often preferred.

| 0 Comments | Evaluated

Know Your Chances

This book has been shown in two randomized trials to improve peoples' understanding of risk in the context of health care choices.

| 0 Comments | Evaluated
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Bias

A University of Massachusetts Medical School text on biases.

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Therapy

A University of Massachusetts Medical School text discussing the strengths and limitations of different measures of the effects of treatment

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The DIY evaluation guide

The Educational Endowment Foundation’s DIY Evaluation Guide for teachers introduces the key principles of educational evaluation.

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What are the results?

A Duke Univ. tutorial explaining how to address the questions: How large was the treatment effect? What was the absolute risk reduction?

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Sunn Skepsis

Denne portalen er ment å gi deg som pasient råd om kvalitetskriterier for helseinformasjon og tilgang til forskningsbasert informasjon.

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Dodgy academic PR

Ben Goldacre: 58% of all press releases by academic institutions lacked relevant cautions and caveats about the methods and results reported

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The certainty of chance

Ben Goldacre reminds readers how associations may simply reflect the play of chance, and describes Deming’s illustration of this.

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How Science Works

Definitions of terms that students have to know for 'How Science Works' and associated coursework, ISAs, etc

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The Systematic Review

This blog explains what a systematic review is, the steps involved in carrying one out, and how the review should be structured.

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The Bias of Language

Publication of research findings in a particular language may be prompted by the nature and direction of the results.

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Defining Bias

This blog explains what is meant by ‘bias’ in research, focusing particularly on attrition bias and detection bias.

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Data Analysis Methods

A discussion of 2 approaches to data analysis in trials - ‘As Treated’, and ‘Intention-to-Treat’ - and some of the pros and cons of each.

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Defining Risk

This blog defines ‘risk’ in relation to health, and discusses some the difficulties in applying estimates of risk to a given individual.

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P Values – CASP

Statistical significance is usually assessed by appeal to a p-value, a probability, which can take any value between 0 and 1 (certain).

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Testing Treatments

Testing Treatments is a book to help the public understand why fair tests of treatments are needed, what they are, and how to use them.

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Eureka!

Cherry picking the results of people in sub-groups can be misleading.

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Goldilocks

Cartoon and blog about how poorly performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses may misrepresent the truth.

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Cherry Picking

Cherry-picking results that only support your own conclusion may mean ignoring important evidence that refutes a treatment claim.

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Forest Plot Trilogy

Synthesising the results of similar but separate fair comparisons (meta-analysis) may help by yielding statistically more reliable estimates

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False Precision

The use of p-values to indicate the probability of something occurring by chance may be misleading.

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CEBM – Study Designs

A short article explaining the relative strengths and weaknesses of different types of study design for assessing treatment effects.

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DISCERN online

A questionnaire providing a valid and reliable way of assessing the quality of written information on treatment choices.

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Means vs. Medians

Keith Bower’s 3-min video explaining how means (averages) and medians can be presented misleadingly.

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Mega-trials

In this 5 min audio resource, Neeraj Bhala discusses systematic reviews and the impact of mega-trials.

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The placebo effect

A video by NHS Choices explaining what the placebo effect is, and describing its role in medical research and the pharmaceutical industry.

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1 – New, but is it better?

In this Chapter: Introduction (this page) Thalidomide Vioxx Avandia Mechanical heart valves Herceptin References (Section 1) Key points Testing new […]

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Stroke

Another example of unnecessary research, yet again because the results of preceding studies had not been gathered together and analyzed, […]

| 2 Comments
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Psychiatric disorders

Regrettably, research is not always well done or relevant. Take the example of a distressing condition known as tardive dyskinesia. […]

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HIV infection in children

The results of good research are also making a real difference to children infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the […]

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Pre-eclampsia in pregnant women

Another outstanding example of good research concerns pregnant women. Worldwide, about 600,000 women die each year of pregnancy-related complications. Most […]

| 2 Comments
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Stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. The death rate is between one in six and two […]

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In an ideal world

‘In an ideal world, wherever possible, we could be gathering anonymised outcome data and comparing this against medication history, making […]

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Marketing-based medicine

‘Internal documents from the pharmaceutical industry suggest that the publicly available evidence base may not accurately represent the underlying data […]

| 1 Comment
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Why did you start?

‘Few principles are more fundamental to the scientific and ethical validity of clinical research than that studies should address questions […]

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Is one study ever enough?

The simple answer is ‘hardly ever’. Very seldom will one fair treatment comparison yield sufficiently reliable evidence on which to […]

| 1 Comment
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Comparing like with like

In this sub-section Comparisons are key (this page) Treatments with dramatic effects Treatments with moderate but important effects Comparisons are […]

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